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Oligonucleotides have been most often internalized in the form of covalent Tat/oligonucleotide conjugates [49]. Tat can also form complexes which are rapidly internalized and which are stabilized by electrostatic interactions occurring between the positive charges of the peptide and the negative charges of the phosphate groups in nucleic acids [50]. Furthermore, DNA transfection can be improved
by the use of Tat di- or trimers [51].